Skip To Content
Logo

Atlantic salmon

salmo salaar

The Wild Atlantic salmon is one of nature’s most remarkable travellers. Over its lifetime, it can journey nearly 4,000 miles, navigating both freshwater and saltwater—a rare feat among fish.

Young Wild Atlantic salmon in clear water.
Super stats

Lifespan: Up to 10 years

Typical size: 75 cm (can grow much larger)

Typical weight: 5 kg (but can be significantly heavier)

 

How old am I?

Just like tree rings, a salmon’s scales can reveal its age, when it moved to saltwater, and when it returned to freshwater. These natural records help scientists understand their journey and survival.

Did you know?

Mature males may develop a hooked lower jaw in the breeding season.

Lifecycle of the Atlantic salmon

Salmon begin life in the rivers and streams of the Eden, where they spend 1 to 3 years growing. Then, they undergo a dramatic transformation that allows them to survive in saltwater and begin their epic migration to the North Atlantic Ocean.

After 1 to 4 years at sea, they return—guided by an extraordinary homing instinct—to the very stretch of river where they were born. This return journey is known as the salmon run.

Swimming upstream against powerful currents, salmon rely on specialised muscles to power their way home. They’re even capable of leaping over obstacles—with the highest recorded salmon jump reaching over 3.5 metres (a full metre higher than the human high jump world record!).

Once they reach their spawning grounds, salmon use their tails to dig shallow nests in the riverbed called redds, where they lay their eggs. After spawning, most adult salmon do not feed and die shortly after, completing their life cycle.

A life in stages

Atlantic salmon go through several distinct life stages, each with unique features:

Egg Alevin Fry Parr Smolt Adult Breeding adult

Their appearance changes so dramatically at each stage that early scientists once believed they were entirely different species!

Large fish laid out on metal desk with further fish samples stored with liquid in glass jars spanning the back wall of the room.

A record-breaking salmon?

In November 1888, a Mr Lowther Bridger, landed one of the largest salmon to have ever been caught on fly on an English river.

To this day, controversy still surrounds the capture, as Mr Bridger appears to have claimed the fish as an English record on more than one occasion and at differing weights!

According to The Times newspaper, the monumental fish weighed some 50lb and presented a length of 54 inches and girth of 27 inches! 

The leviathan was preserved for posterity by a taxidermist. Today, the specimen at the centre of this dispute resides in the collection of the Natural History Museum in London, with a note of provenance from Mr Bridger.

In 2016, artist David Williams-Ellis worked with Eden Rivers Trust to create a bronze sculpture based on the proportions of the fish to raise awareness of their plight and raise money to fund habitat improvement work. (David, pictured with the preserved salmon in the store at the Natural History Museum)

A species in peril

Wild Atlantic salmon are facing serious threats, including:

Water pollution
River barriers like weirs that block migration
Overfishing at sea
Diseases and parasites from salmon farms
Habitat loss and climate change.

These pressures have pushed the species toward endangered status in many UK rivers, including the Eden.

How you can help

Protecting salmon means protecting our rivers. 

You can help by:

Supporting river restoration projects

Only flushing the 3Ps - pee, poo and paper to reduce pollution in our rivers

Learning more and spreading awareness